Introduction

What is Cardiac Catheterization and PCI?

Cardiac catheterization is an invasive diagnostic procedure that allows doctors to assess the structure and function of the heart, especially the coronary arteries. During the procedure, contrast dye is injected into the coronary arteries through a catheter to check for blockages or narrowing. If significant narrowing is found, the doctor may proceed with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), commonly known as “angioplasty,” in the same session. PCI involves using a balloon to widen the narrowed artery and often placing a stent to keep it open.

This technique plays a crucial role in diagnosing and treating heart disease, especially acute myocardial infarction (heart attack). It allows timely intervention to restore blood flow, minimize heart damage, and improve survival. Compared with non-invasive tests such as echocardiography or treadmill stress tests, cardiac catheterization provides more accurate and direct information.

Causes

Causes

  • ● Hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes
  • ● Smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle
  • ● Family history of heart disease
  • ● Advancing age (especially men over 45 and women over 55)
Symptoms

Symptoms

  • ● Chest pain, pressure, or tightness
  • ● Shortness of breath, especially during exertion
  • ● Palpitations or irregular heartbeat
  • ● Dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting
  • ● Unexplained fatigue
  • ● Abnormal findings on ECG or other cardiac tests
Operation

The Cardiac Catheterization and PCI Procedure

The procedure is performed in the Cardiac Catheterization and Intervention Laboratory under local anesthesia with or without sedation.

Key steps include:

  • ● Monitoring equipment will be connected to track your heart rhythm, blood pressure, and oxygen levels
  • ● A small incision will be made in your wrist or groin to insert a catheter into the artery
  • ● Under X-ray guidance, the catheter will be advanced to the heart
  • ● Contrast dye is injected to visualize the coronary arteries and identify any blockages
  • ● If needed, a balloon catheter is used to dilate the narrowed area
  • ● A stent (small metal mesh tube) may be placed to keep the artery open

The procedure usually takes 1 to 2 hours. You may feel brief chest discomfort during balloon inflation, which is normal. The medical team will monitor your condition throughout—please inform them immediately if you feel unwell.

Notice

Postoperative Care

  • ● Most patients can be discharged the day after the procedure
  • ● Keep the wound clean and dry; replace the dressing if it gets wet
  • ● You may shower after 2 days, but avoid soaking the wound
  • ● Avoid strenuous activities, heavy lifting, or bending over in the first week
  • ● Mild bruising near the wound is common and should fade within 2–3 weeks
  • ● Seek medical attention if you notice excessive bleeding, swelling, redness, warmth, or severe pain at the wound site
  • ● A follow-up appointment will be arranged—family members are encouraged to join to help discuss the results and next steps

For further information, please consult your attending doctor or cardiologist. 

The above information is for reference only. As each patient’s condition may vary, please consult your doctor for individual assessment and advice.